St. Thomas, Summa contra Gentiles, l. III, c. 98–107 (tr. by Jos. Rickaby, S.J., God and His Creatures, London, 1905, pp. 262 sqq.)¹1On the importance of the Summa contra Gentiles in the history of Fundamental Theology, see Volume I of this Handbook, p. 19. Father Rickaby, in translating the chapters of the S. c. G. cited above, has prudently excised much obsolete physics. “To examine the plan of creation in an age when men knew nothing of physical nature, microscopic and telescopic, molecular and sidereal, beyond what their unassisted senses could detect,” he says in a footnote (God and His Creatures, p. 262), “was a laudable effort, but could lead to no more than provisional results. A modern Aquinas, dwelling, as St. Thomas loved to dwell, on the variety of creation and the differences of things, cannot but feel himself in face of the question, how all these differences arose; whether they were explicit in the first creation, or, whether, out of a creation originally homogeneous, things came to be differentiated by a primitive plastic power, called Evolution, which has turned out an oak, or a sycamore, to be head and representative of one line of development, and a lion, or an eagle, of another. And, if he chooses evolution, he will have to consider the part of God’s providence therein.”.

F. H. Dieringer, System der göttlichen Taten des Christentums, 2nd ed., Mayence, 1857.

I. De Tonquédec, Introduction à l’Étude du Merveilleux et du Miracle, Paris, 1916.

M. Deutinger, Renan und das Wunder, Munich, 1864.

A. Van Weddingen, De Miraculo, Louvain, 1869.

J. De Bonniot, S.J., Le Miracle et ses Contrefaçons, ed., Paris, 1887; revised ed., 1895. (German translation, Wunder und Scheinwunder, Mayence, 1889).

E. Müller, Natur und Wunder, ihr Gegensatz und ihre Harmonie, Freiburg, 1892.

F. v. Tessen-Wesierski, Die Grundlagen des Wunderbegriffs nach Thomas von Aquin, Paderborn, 1899.

A. Lepicier, Del Miraculo, Rome, 1901.

C. Gutberlet, Vernunft und Wunder, Munich, 1905.

S. Weber, Christliche Apologetik, Freiburg, 1907, pp. 191–207.

F. Hettinger, Lehrbuch der Fundamentaltheologie, 3rd ed., Freiburg i. B., 1913, pp. 197–220; Revealed Religion, tr. by Bowden, 2nd ed., London, 1905, pp. 70–88.

Ign. Ottiger, S.J., Theologia Fundamentalis, Vol. I, pp. 170–233.

A. v. Schmid, Apologetik, Freiburg, 1900, pp. 246–339.

T. J. Walshe, The Principles of Catholic Apologetics, London, 1926, pp. 190–205.

Chr. Pesch, S.J., Glaubenspflicht und Glaubensschwierigkeiten (Theologische Zeitfragen, 5te Folge), Freiburg i. B., 1908, pp. 82–116.

A. Poulpiquet, Le Miracle et ses Suppléances, Paris, 1914.

L. Fonk, S.J., Die Wunder des Herrn im Evangelium, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Innsbruck, 1907, pp. 3–43.

L. Staudenmaier, Die Magie als experimentelle Naturwissenschaft, 2nd ed., Leipsic, 1922.

R. A. Knox, Miracles (C. T. S. pamphlet), London, 1927.

Æ. Dorsch, S.J., Institutiones Theologiae Fundamentalis, Vol. I, Innsbruck, 1916, pp. 369–412.

H. Felder, O.M.Cap., Christ and the Critics, tr. by J. L. Stoddard, Vol. II, London, 1924; Apologetica, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Paderborn, 1923, pp. 64–97.

L. C. Fillion, S.S., Les Miracles de N.-S. Jésus Christ, 2 vols., Paris, 1911.

W. Pohl, De Vera Religione Quaestiones Selectae, Freiburg i. B., 1928, pp. 328–332.

Van Hove, La Doctrine du Miracle chez Saint Thomas et son Accord avec les Principes de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruges, 1927.

G. H. Joyce, S.J., The Question of Miracles, London, 1912.

J. H. Newman, Essays on Miracles, new impression, London, 1911.

Angelo Zacchi, Il Miracolo, Milan, 1913.

F. R. Tennant (Prot.), Miracle and Its Philosophical Presuppositions, Cambridge, 1925.

B. C. A. Windle, Miracles and Other Essays, London, 1924.

Benedict XIV, De Servorum Dei Beatificatione et Beatorum Canonisatione, Opera Omnia, Vol. IV (Rome, 1749), pp. 1–535.

Juan Mir y Noguera, El Miraglo, Madrid, 1895.

A. Spagni, S.J., De Miraculis, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Rome, 1785.

H. L. Janssens, De Vi Demonstrativa Miraculorum in Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, Jan., 1924, pp. 15–35.

J. T. Driscoll, in Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. X, pp. 338 sqq.

3. The Knowability of Prophecy—Pseudo-Prophecies

St. Thomas, Summa Theologica, 2a 2ae, qu. 171-174; De Veritate, qu. XII, art. 1.

H. Denzinger, Vier Bücher von der religiösen Erkenntnis, Vol. II, Würzburg, 1856, pp. 402 sqq.

C. Gutberlet, Lehrbuch der Apologetik, Vol. II, 4th ed., Münster i. W., 1922, pp. 147-212.

F. Knabenbauer, Orakel und Prophetie, Passau, 1881.

H. Weiss, Die messianischen Vorbilder im Alten Testament, Freiburg i. B., 1905.

J. B. Becker, Die Weissagungen als Kriterien der Offenbarung, Mayence, 1890.

F. Leitner, Die prophetische Inspiration in O. Bardenhewer’s Biblische Studien, I, 4 and 5, Freiburg, i. B., 1896.

Ign. Ottiger, S.J., Theologia Fundamentalis, Vol. I, Freiburg, i. B., 1907, pp. 233-273.

Æ. Dorsch, S.J., Institutiones Theologiae Fundamentalis, Vol. I, Innsbruck, 1916, pp. 413-437.

H. Felder, O.M.Cap., Apologetica, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Paderborn, 1923, pp. 97-102.

T. J. Walshe, The Principles of Christian Apologetics, London, 1919, pp. 178-180; The Principles of Catholic Apologetics, London, 1926, pp. 206-214.

F. Hettinger, Revealed Religion, 2nd ed., London, 1905, pp. 89-94; Lehrbuch der Fundamentaltheologie, 3rd ed., by S. Weber, Freiburg i. B., 1913, pp. 220-230.

H. Junker, Prophet und Seher in Israel, Treves, 1928.

L. Dürr, Wollen und Wirken der alttestamentlichen Propheten, Düsseldorf, 1926.

A. Van den Oudenrijn, De Prophetiae Charismate in Populo Israelitico, Rome, 1926.

R. Garrigou-Lagrange, Theologia Fundamentalis, Vol. II, Paris 1921, pp. 107–36.

6. The Modern Evolutionary Hypothesis—The Other New Testament Books and the Old Testament

S. Weber, Christliche Apologetik, Freiburg, 1907, pp. 147–171.

A. Seitz, Das Evangelium vom Gottessohn, Freiburg, 1908, pp. 134–154; Christuszeugnisse aus dem klassischen Altertum, Cologne, 1906.

J. Rohr, Der Vernichtungskampf gegen das biblische Christusbild, Münster, 1908; Ersatzversuche für das biblische Christusbild, Münster, 1908.

C. CLEMEN (Prot.), Religionsgeschichtliche Erklärung des Neuen Testamentes, Giessen, 1909, pp. 208–260.

F. Kiefl, Der geschichtliche Christus und die moderne Philosophie, Mayence, 1911.

F. Sawicki, Die Wahrheit des Christentums, 5th ed., Paderborn, 1921, pp. 406–414.

F. Tillmann, Die Quellen des Lebens Jesu, in Esser-Mausbach, Religion, Christentum, Kirche, Vol. II, 5th ed., Kempten, 1923, pp. 261–266.

G. Esser, Jesus Christus, der göttliche Lehrer der Menschheit, ibid., pp. 322–362.

C. Gutberlet, Lehrbuch der Apologetik, Vol. II, 4th ed., Münster i. W., 1922, pp. 224–286.

H. Boese, S.J., Die Glaubwürdigkeit unserer Evangelien, Freiburg i. B., 1895.

H. Delattre, S.J., Autour de la Question Biblique, Liège, 1904.

H. Felder, O.M.Cap., Christ and the Critics, (tr. by J. L. Stoddard), 2 vols., London, 1926.

T. J. Walshe, The Principles of Catholic Apologetics, London, 1926, pp. 217–266.

L. C. Fillion, S.S., The Life of Christ, tr. by N. Thompson, Vol. I, St. Louis, 1928, pp. 28–81.

F. Hettinger, Revealed Religion, tr. by H. S. Bowden, 2nd ed., London, 1905, pp. 95–170; Lehrbuch der Fundamentaltheologie, 3rd ed., by S. Weber, Freiburg i. B., 1913, pp. 255–279.

J. Schäfer, Die Evangelien und die Evangelienkritik, Freiburg i. B., 1908.

J. B. Bullet, Histoire de l’Établissement du Christianisme, Tirée des Seuls Auteurs Juifs et Payens, Lyons, 1764; Paris, 1825; tr. into English by G. Salisbury, London, 1782.

D. De Colonia, S. J., La Religion Chrétienne Autorisée par le Temoignage des Anciens Auteurs Païens, Lyons, 1718; new ed. by Labouderie, Paris, 1826.

M. J. Scott, S.J., The Credentials of Christianity, New York, 1920, pp. 61 sqq.

ELWOOD WORCESTER (Prot.), Was Jesus an Historical Person? New York, 1926.

T. Slater, Christ and Evolution, London, 1923.

A. The Religious Teaching of the Old Testament—Objections Refuted

Ign. Ottiger (S.J.), Theologia Fundamentalis, Vol. I, pp. 341–462.

M. J. Lagrange, Études sur les Religions Sémitiques, 2nd ed., Paris, 1903.

J. Nikel, Genesis und Keilschriftforschung, Freiburg, 1903; Der Ursprung des alttestamentlichen Gottesglaubens, 4th ed., Münster i. W., 1912.

K. MARTI (Prot.), Die Religion des Alten Testaments unter den Religionen des vorderen Orients, Tübingen, 1906.

S. Weber, Christliche Apologetik, Freiburg i. B., 1907, pp. 213–220.

H. Schell, Jahwe und Christus, 2nd ed., Paderborn, 1908, pp. 5–182.

J. Feldmann, Paradies und Sündenfall, Münster i. W., 1913.

A. BERTHOLET (Prot.), Die Eigenart der alttestamentlichen Religion, Tübingen, 1913.

J. Döller, Die Reinheits- und Speisegesetze des Alten Testamentes, Münster i. W., 1917.

E. KÖNIG (Prot.), Israels Religion nach ihrer Stellung in der Geistesgeschichte der Menschheit, Gütersloh, 1919; Friedrich Delitzsch’s “Die grosse Täuschung,” Gütersloh, 1921; Theologie des Alten Testamentes, 3rd and 4th ed., Stuttgart, 1923.

J. Theis, Friedrich Delitzsch und seine “Grosse Täuschung,” Treves, 1921.

N. Peters, Die Religion des Alten Testamentes (in Esser-Mausbach, Religion, Christentum, Kirche, 5th ed.) Vol. II, pp. 1–109; “Friedrich Delitzsch’s Lästerschrift gegen die Bibel des Alten Testamentes und ihren Gott” in Theologie und Glaube, 1920, pp. 138–149.

A. DUFF (Prot.), The Theology and Ethics of the Hebrews, London, 1902.

P. Jos. Felten, Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte, 2 vols., 3rd ed., Ratisbon, 1925.

H. Zschokke, Theologie der Propheten, Freiburg i. B., 1874.

J. Blaikie, Lands and People of the Bible, London, 1914.

a) Miracles—b) Prophecies

J. H. Newman, A Grammar of Assent, pp. 442 sqq.

Ign. Ottiger, S.J., Theologia Fundamentalis, Vol. I, pp. 341–514.

S. Weber, Christliche Apologetik, pp. 213–220.

H. Schell, Jahwe und Christus, 2nd ed., pp. 5–182.

J. Nikel, Das Alte Testament im Lichte der Orientalischen Forschungen, Vol. II, 4th ed., Münster i. W., 1921.

N. Peters, Die Religion des Alten Testamentes in ihrer Einzigartigkeit unter den Religionen des alten Orients, in ESSER-MAUSBACH, Religion, Christentum, Kirche, Vol. II, 5th ed., pp. 1–169.

M. A. Van Den Oudenrijn, O.P., De Prophetiae Charismate in Populo Israelitico, Rome, 1926.

J. Touzard, Comment Utiliser l’Argument Prophétique, Paris, 1911.

B) But Christ is not only sinless. He is a sublime model of virtue and holiness.—Objections Refuted

L. Atzberger, Die Unsündlichkeit Christi, Munich, 1883.

Ign. Ottiger, S.J., Theologia Fundamentalis, Vol. I, pp. 628–640.

F. Hettinger, Lehrbuch der Fundamentaltheologie, 3rd ed., by S. Weber, Freiburg i. B., 1913, pp. 280 sqq.

C. Hennemann, Die Heiligkeit Jesu als Beweis seiner Gottheit, Würzburg, 1898.

G. Dalman, Die Worte Jesu, Leipsic, 1898.

M. Lepin, Jésus Messie et Fils de Dieu, Paris, 1907; tr. Christ and the Gospel, Philadelphia, 1910.

F. Tillmann, Der Menschensohn, Freiburg, 1907; Das Selbstbewusstsein des Gottessohnes, 3rd ed. (Biblische Zeitfragen, IV, 11/12), Münster, 1921.

A. Seitz, Das Evangelium vom Gottessohn, Freiburg, 1908.

Ph. Kneib, Moderne Leben-Jesu-Forschung unter dem Einfluss der Psychiatrie, Mayence, 1908.

H. WERNER (Prot.), Die psychische Gesundheit Jesu, Grosslichterfelde (Berlin), 1908.

B. Bartmann, Christus ein Gegner des Marienkultus? Freiburg, 1909.

M. J. Lagrange, O. P., Le Messianisme chez les Juifs, Paris, 1909.

H. SCHÄFER (Prot.), Jesus in psychiatrischer Beleuchtung, Berlin, 1910.

A. SCHWEITZER (Prot.), Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu, Tübingen, 1913. (Schweitzer over-emphasizes the eschatological point of view and rejects the Gospel of St. John).

H. Felder, O.M.Cap., Jesus Christus, translated by J. L. Stoddard, Christ and the Critics, 2 vols. London, 1924–1925.

G. Esser, Jesus Christus, der göttliche Lehrer der Menschheit, in ESSER-MAUSBACH, Religion, Christentum, Kirche, Vol. II, 5th ed., pp. 317–461.

G. W. B. Marsh, Messianic Philosophy. An Historical and Critical Examination of the Evidence for the Existence, Death, Resurrection, Ascension, and Divinity of Jesus Christ, London, 1908.

H. Schumacher, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu, Freiburg, 1912; Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Matthäus XI, 27, (Lukas X, 22), Münster i. W., 1912.

H. D. Lacordaire, Jesus Christ, God and Man, Engl. tr., London, 1892.

W. CHANNING (Prot.), Character of Christ, Boston, 1875.

Objections Refuted—Note on the Miracles of the Father

L. De Grandmaison, S.J., Jésus Christ, Paris, 1928, Vol. II, pp. 313–368.

J. H. Newman, Essays on Miracles, pp. 70 sqq.

F. Chable, Die Wunder Jesu in ihrem innern Zusammenhange betrachtet, Freiburg i. B., 1897.

Ign. Ottiger, S.J., Theologia Fundamentalis, Vol. I, pp. 757–785.

C. Gutberlet, Lehrbuch der Apologetik, Vol. II, 4th ed., pp. 287–307.

F. Hettinger, Lehrbuch der Fundamentaltheologie, 3rd ed., by S. Weber, Freiburg i. B., 1913, pp. 329–337.

K. Knur, Christus Medicus?, Freiburg i. B., 1905.

L. CL. Fillion, Les Miracles de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ, 2 vols., Paris, 1909–10.

P. Dausch, Die Wunder Jesu, Münster i. W., 1912 (Biblische Zeitfragen, 5te Folge, Heft 11/12).

H. Felder, O.M. Cap., Apologetica, Vol. I, Paderborn, 1920, pp. 215–243; Christ and the Critics, 2 vols., London, 1924–25, Vol. II.

L. Fonck, S.J., De Miraculis Christi Notae Exegeticae, Rome, 1911. (Discusses Jn. II, 1–11, Lk. V, 1–11, Jn. XXI, 1–14, Matt. XIV, 13–21.)

L. Fonck, S.J., Die Wunder des Herrn im Evangelium, 2nd ed., Innsbruck, 1907.

A. Meyenberg, Leben Jesu-Werk, Vol. III, pp. 1–305, Lucerne, 1928.

W. G. B. Marsh, Miracles, London, 1906.

T. J. Walshe, The Principles of Catholic Apologetics, London, 1926, pp. 326 sqq.

Æ. Dorsch, S.J., Institutiones Theologiae Fundamentalis, Vol. I, pp. 638–663, Innsbruck, 1916.

J. T. Driscoll, art. “Miracle” in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. X, pp. 338–348.

A. Alleged Contradictions in the Circumstances Attending the Resurrection—B. Alleged Contradictions in the Biblical Accounts of the Empty Grave and the Apparitions of the Risen Saviour

Ign. Ottiger, S.J., Theologia Fundamentalis, Vol. I, pp. 786–846.

J. Müllendorf, Der Glaube an den Auferstandenen, Ratisbon, 1900.

E. Dentler, Die Auferstehung Jesu Christi nach den Berichten des Neuen Testamentes, 4th ed. (Biblische Zeitfragen, Vol. I, Heft 6), Münster i. W., 1920.

J. Muser, Die Auferstehung und ihre neuesten Kritiker, 2nd ed., Paderborn, 1914.

C. Gutberlet, Lehrbuch der Apologetik, Vol. II, 4th ed., Münster i. W., 1922, pp. 307–325.

J. E. Belser, Die Geschichte des Leidens und Sterbens, der Auferstehung und Himmelfahrt des Herrn, 2nd ed., Freiburg, 1913, pp. 472 sqq. Engl. tr. by F. A. Marks, History of the Passion, St. Louis, 1929, pp. 575 sqq.

V. Rose, O. P., Studies on the Gospels, Chapter VII.

J. McRory, “Some Theories of Our Lord’s Resurrection,” in Irish Theol. Quarterly, Vol. IV, pp. 200–215.

L. de Grandmaison, S.J., “Jésus-Christ,” in Dict. Apol., II, 1472–1514; Jésus-Christ, Vol. II, Paris, 1928, pp. 369–446; 493–532.

James Orr, The Resurrection of Jesus, London, 1908.

J. M. Shaw, The Resurrection of Christ, Edinburgh, 1920.

H. B. Swete, The Appearances of Our Lord after the Passion, London, 1907.

James Denney, Jesus and the Gospel, New York, 1909, pp. 99–143.

C. Chauvin, Jésus-Christ, est-il ressuscité? Paris, 1901. (Collection Science et Religion).

E. Mangenot, La Résurrection de Jésus, Paris, 1910.

K. Lake (Prot.), The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, London, 1907.

H. Felder, O.M. Cap., Apologetica, Vol. I, pp. 243–265; Jesus Christ and the Critics, translated by John Stoddard, Vol. II.

M. J. Scott, S.J., The Credentials of Christianity, New York, 1920, pp. 105–131.

F. Hettinger, Revealed Religion (tr. by H. S. Bowden), 2nd ed., London, 1905, pp. 140–148.

A. J. Maas, S.J., art. “Resurrection” in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. XII, pp. 789–793.

W. Devivier, S.J., Christian Apologetics (tr. by J. C. Sasia, S.J.), Vol. II, new ed., New York, 1924, pp. 419–433.

T. J. Walshe, The Principles of Catholic Apologetics, London, 1926, pp. 326–338.

J. B. Disteldorf, Die Auferstehung Jesu Christi, Treves, 1906.

G. Esser in Esser-Mausbach, Religion, Christentum, Kirche, Vol. II, 5th ed., Kempten, 1925, pp. 490 sqq.

J. Voigt, Die ältesten Berichte über die Auferstehung Jesu Christi, Stuttgart, 1906.

E. Jacquier, La Résurrection de Jésus-Christ, Paris, 1911.

Æ. Dorsch, S.J., Institutiones Theologiae Fundamentalis, Vol. I, Innsbruck, 1916, pp. 665–686.

F. Prat, The Theology of St. Paul (tr. by J. L. Stoddard), Vol. I, pp. 133–135; Vol. II, pp. 360–364; also article on “Paul et Paulinisme” in Dict. Apol., XVI, 38–44.

1. Natural Causes which Favored the Spread of Christianity—2. Analogous Phenomena in the History of Other Religions

J. Rivière, The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, (English Transl.), London, 1915.

J. H. Newman, A Grammar of Assent, pp. 456 ff.

James Orr, Neglected Factors in the Spread of Christianity, London, 1898.

Wm. Ramsay, Christianity in the Roman Empire, London, 1900.

A. Plummer, The Church of the Early Fathers, London, 1891.

L. de Grandmaison, S.J., “L’Expansion du Christianisme d’après M. Harnack”, in Études, 1903, pp. 300–319; 451–76.

A. de Poulpiquet, L’Object Intégral d’Apologétique, pp. 121–147.

A. Brou, article “Propagation de l’Évangile” in Dict. Apol.

H. Leclercq, “Expansion du Christianisme” in the Dictionnaire d’Archéologie Chrétienne et de Liturgie, Vol. V, Paris, 1922, Pt. 1, coll. 978–1014.

1. The Enthusiasm of the First Christians and the Phenomena Resembling the Heroism of the Martyrs—2. The Motive of Glory and the Hope of Eternal Reward

J. Rivière, “Autour de la Question des Martyrs,” in Revue Prat. d’Apologétique, Vol. IV (1907), pp. 625–643.

A. de Poulpiquet, L’Object Intégral d’Apologétique, pp. 148–87.

P. Allard, Ten Lessons on the Martyrs, (English trans.) London, 1907; Article Martyre in Dict. Apol. de la Foi Cath., Vol. III, Paris, 1916, coll. 331–491.

H. Leclercq, O.S.B., Les Martyrs, 2 vols., Paris, 1902–1903.

P. Healy, The Valerian Persecution.

E. C. E. Owen, Some Authentic Acts of the Early Martyrs, Oxford, 1927.

H. Leclercq, Accusations Contre les Chrétiens in Dict. d’Arch. Chr. et de Liturgie, Vol. I, pt. 1, coll. 265–307; Fuite de la Persecution in Dict. Arch. Chr. et de Liturgie, Vol. V, pt. 2, Paris 1923, coll. 2660–84.

R. Hedde, article Martyre in Dict. Théol. Cath., Vol. X, pt. 1, Paris, 1928, coll. 220–254.

J. Pohle, Soldatentod und Märtyrertod, Paderborn, 1918.

H. Delehaye, S.J., Sanctus, Brussels, 1927.

D. Passion and Death of the Messias—III. The Messianic Predictions of the Prophets Were Genuine Prophecies

J. H. Newman, Grammar of Assent, pp. 420 sqq.

J. Bade, Christologie des Alten Testamentes, 3 vols., Münster, 1850–51.

L. Reinke, Die messianischen Weissagungen bei den grossen und kleinen Propheten des Alten Testamentes, 5 vols., Giessen, 1859-62.

J. Corluy, Spicilegium Dogmatico-Biblicum, 2 vols., Gandavi, 1884, Vol. I, pp. 347-529.

G. Meignan, Les Prophètes d’Israel et le Messie, Paris, 1894.

V. Caillard, Jésus-Christ et les Prophéties Messianiques, Paris, 1905.

M. J. Lagrange, O.P., “Les Prophéties Messianiques de Daniel,” in the Revue Biblique, 1904, pp. 494 sqq.; Le Messianisme chez les Juifs, Paris, 1909.

J. Raška, “Zur Berechnung der 70 Wochen Daniels,” in the Theologisch-praktische Quartalschrift, Linz, 1904, pp. 13 sqq.

J. Hontheim, S.J., “Das Todesjahr Christi und die Danielsche Wochenprophetie,” in the Katholik, Mayence, 1906, pp. 12 sqq.

F. Feldmann, Der Knecht Gottes in Isaias, Freiburg i. B., 1907.

A. Schulte, Die messianischen Weissagungen des Alten Testamentes, Paderborn, 1908.

K. Leimbach, Messianische Weissagungen des Alten Testamentes, Ratisbon, 1909 (with an extensive bibliography).

J. Döller, Die Messiaserwartung im Alten Testament, 3rd ed., Münster, 1921 (Biblische Zeitfragen, Series IV, No. 6/7.).

E. König (Prot.), Die messianischen Weissagungen des Alten Testamentes, Stuttgart, 1923.

A. J. Maas, S.J., Christ in Type and Prophecy, 2 vols., New York, 1893-95.

P. Boylan, “Messianic Expectations in the Old Testament,” in The Incarnation, edited by C. Lattey, S.J., Cambridge, 1926, pp. 1-18.

M. Lepin, Christ and the Gospel, or Jesus the Messias and Son of God, Philadelphia, 1910.

L. W. Geddes, S.J., in the Catholic Encyclopedia, art. “Messias,” Vol. X, pp. 212-215.

T. J. Walshe, The Principles of Catholic Apologetics, London, 1926, pp. 341-356.

L. C. Fillion, S.S., The Life of Christ, tr. by N. Thompson, Vol. I, St. Louis, 1928, pp. 209-224, 509-517.

A. Edersheim, Prophecy and History in Relation to the Messiah, London and New York, 1885; Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, 11th impression, London, 1901, Vol. II, pp. 710-41.

6. The Death and Resurrection of Christ—7. Baptism and the Eucharist

P. De Broglie, Problèmes et Conclusions de l’Histoire des Religions, 4th ed., Paris, 1904, pp. 242–320.

P. von Schanz, Apologie des Christentums, Vol. II, 3rd ed., pp. 1–302.

S. Weber, Christliche Apologetik, pp. 163–171.

F. Sawicki, Die Wahrheit des Christentums, 5th ed., pp. 295–336.

W. Schmidt, S.V.D., Die Uroffenbarung als Anfang der Offenbarungen Gottes, in Esser-Mausbach, Religion, Christentum, Kirche, Vol. I, 5th ed., pp. 645–659; Der Ursprung der Gottesidee, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Münster i. W., 1926.

J. Nikel, Genesis und Keilschriftforschung, Freiburg, 1903; Das Alte Testament im Lichte der orientalischen Forschungen (Bibl. Zeitfragen, Vol. I: Die biblische Urgeschichte, 4th ed., Münster i. W., 1921; Vol. II: Moses und sein Werk, 4th ed., Münster i. W., 1921); Alte und neue Angriffe auf das Alte Testament, 3rd ed., Münster i. W., 1908; Ursprung des alttestamentlichen Gottesglaubens, 2nd ed., Münster i. W., 1908.

H. V. Hilprecht (Prot.), Der neue Fund zur Sintflutgeschichte, Leipsic, 1910.

P. Keil, Babel- und Bibelfrage, Treves, 1903.

F. H. Kugler, S.J., Im Bannkreis Babels, Münster i. W., 1910.

A. Jeremias (Prot.), Das Alte Testament im Lichte des Alten Orients, 2nd ed., Leipsic, 1906 (Engl. tr. by C. L. Beaumont, ed. by C. H. W. Johns, The Old Testament in the Light of the Ancient East, 2 vols., New York and London, 1911); Babylonisches im Neuen Testament, Leipsic, 1905.

F. Feldmann, Paradies und Sündenfall, Münster i. W., 1913, pp. 171–285.

F. Cumont (Prot.), The Mysteries of Mithra, tr. by T. J. McCormack, 2nd ed., Chicago and London, 1910; Textes et Monuments Figurés relatifs aux Mystères de Mithra, 2 vols. Brussels, 1896–99.

E. Hardy, Der Buddhismus nach älteren Pāli-Werken, new ed. by R. Schmidt, Münster i. W., 1927, Ch. VII, “Buddhismus und Christentum.”

H. Oldenberg (Prot.), Buddha, 5th ed., Stuttgart and Berlin, 1906. (There is an English translation of an earlier edition of this standard work by W. Hoey, under the title, Buddha: His Life, his Doctrine, his Order.)

K. von Hase (Prot.), Neutestamentliche Parallelen zu buddhistischen Quellen, new ed., Berlin, 1905.

J. Dahlmann, S.J., Indische Fahrten, Vol. II, Freiburg, 1908, pp. 85–157.

O. Wecker, Christus und Buddha, 4th ed., Münster i. W., 1921.

O. Maas, Buddhismus, Hamm, 1913.

P. Karge, Babylonisches im Neuen Testament (Biblische Zeitfragen, VI, 9/10), Münster i. W., 1913.

E. Krebs, Das religionsgeschichtliche Problem des Urchristentums, Münster i. W., 1913; Heiland und Erlösung, Freiburg i. B., 1914.

J. Rohr, Griechentum und Christentum (Biblische Zeitfragen, V, 8), Münster i. W., 1912.

C. Clemen, Religionsgeschichtliche Erklärung des Neuen Testaments, Giessen, 1909; Primitive Christianity and its Non-Jewish Sources, Edinburgh, 1912.

B. Bartmann, Dogma und Religionsgeschichte, Paderborn, 1922.

H. Haas (Prot.), “Das Scherflein der Witwe” und seine Entsprechungen im Tripitaka, Leipsic, 1922 (with a full bibliography on the relations between Christianity and Buddhism).

Edw. J. Thomas (Prot.), The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, London, 1927, pp. 237 sqq.

W. Koppers, S.V.D., Buddhismus und Christentum in the Jahrbuch des Missionshauses St. Gabriel (Vienna), Vol. II, pp. 153–175.

L. de la Vallée Poussin, Le Bouddhisme, Louvain, 1902; La Morale Bouddhique, Paris, 1927.

S. Angus (Prot.), The Mystery-Religions and Christianity: A Study in the Religious Background of Early Christianity, London and New York, 1928; Environment of Early Christianity, London and New York, 1920. (To be used with caution.)

W. Lansdell Wardle, Israel and Babylon, London and New York, 1925.

A. Condamin, “Babylone et la Bible” in the Dictionnaire Apologétique de la Foi Catholique.

A. d’Alès, article “Mithra,” in the same Dictionnaire.

A. Kahr, Griechentum u. Christentum. Ein offenes Wort ueber Adolf Bauers Abhandlung “Vom Griechentum zum Christentum,” Graz and Vienna, 1911.

Kellner, Heortologie, Freiburg, 1901.

P. Wendland, Hellenistisch-römische Kultur, 2–3 ed., Tübingen, 1912.

J. Plessis, article “Babylone et la Bible” in Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplement, Vol. I, Paris, 1928, coll. 713–852.

Notes

On the importance of the Summa contra Gentiles in the history of Fundamental Theology, see Volume I of this Handbook, p. 19. Father Rickaby, in translating the chapters of the S. c. G. cited above, has prudently excised much obsolete physics. “To examine the plan of creation in an age when men knew nothing of physical nature, microscopic and telescopic, molecular and sidereal, beyond what their unassisted senses could detect,” he says in a footnote (God and His Creatures, p. 262), “was a laudable effort, but could lead to no more than provisional results. A modern Aquinas, dwelling, as St. Thomas loved to dwell, on the variety of creation and the differences of things, cannot but feel himself in face of the question, how all these differences arose; whether they were explicit in the first creation, or, whether, out of a creation originally homogeneous, things came to be differentiated by a primitive plastic power, called Evolution, which has turned out an oak, or a sycamore, to be head and representative of one line of development, and a lion, or an eagle, of another. And, if he chooses evolution, he will have to consider the part of God’s providence therein.”
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